Lesi sihloko esivela ku-Wenzhou Tianyu Electronic Co., Ltd. sichaza okufanele sikucabangele lapho ucacisa izinsimbi zokugcwalisa zokushisela insimbi engagqwali.
Amakhono enza insimbi engagqwali ikhange kangaka - ikhono lokulungisa izakhiwo zayo zomshini kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kanye ne-oxidation - futhi andisa ubunzima bokukhetha insimbi yokugcwalisa efanele yokushisela. Kunoma yikuphi ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziyisisekelo, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinhlobo eziningana zama-electrode lungafaneleka, kuye ngezinkinga zezindleko, izimo zesevisi, izakhiwo ezifunwayo zomshini kanye nezinkinga eziningi ezihlobene nokushisela.
Lesi sihloko sinikeza ulwazi oludingekayo lobuchwepheshe ukuze umfundi aqonde ubunzima besihloko bese ephendula eminye yemibuzo evame ukubuzwa ngabaphakeli bensimbi yokugcwalisa. Sibeka iziqondiso ezijwayelekile zokukhetha izinsimbi zokugcwalisa insimbi engagqwali ezifanele - bese sichaza konke okuhlukile kulezo ziqondiso! Lesi sihloko asihlanganisi izinqubo zokushisela, njengoba lokho kuyisihloko sesinye isihloko.
Amabanga amane, izinto eziningi zokuhlanganisa
Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zezinsimbi ezingagqwali:
i-austenitic
i-martensitic
i-ferritic
I-Duplex
Amagama asuselwa esakhiweni sekristalu sensimbi esivame ukutholakala ekushiseni kwegumbi. Lapho insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi ishiswa ngaphezu kwama-912degC, ama-athomu ensimbi ahlelwa kabusha kusukela esakhiweni esibizwa ngokuthi i-ferrite ekushiseni kwegumbi kuya esakhiweni sekristalu esibizwa ngokuthi i-austenite. Lapho iphola, ama-athomu abuyela esakhiweni sawo sokuqala, i-ferrite. Isakhiwo sokushisa okuphezulu, i-austenite, asinamandla kazibuthe, sipulasitiki futhi sinamandla aphansi futhi sinamandla amakhulu kunesimo sokushisa kwegumbi se-ferrite.
Uma i-chromium engaphezu kuka-16% ingezwa ensimbini, isakhiwo sekristalu sokushisa kwegumbi, i-ferrite, siyaqiniswa futhi insimbi ihlala isesimweni se-ferritic kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa. Ngakho-ke igama elithi insimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic lisetshenziswa kulesi sisekelo se-alloy. Uma i-chromium engaphezu kuka-17% kanye ne-nickel engu-7% ingeziwe ensimbini, isakhiwo sekristalu sokushisa okuphezulu sensimbi, i-austenite, siyaqiniswa ukuze siqhubeke kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa kusukela phansi kakhulu kuya cishe ekuncibilikeni.
Insimbi engagqwali yase-Austenitic ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi uhlobo lwe-'chrome-nickel', kanti izinsimbi ze-martensitic neze-ferritic zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izinhlobo ze-'straight chrome'. Izinto ezithile zokuhlanganisa ezisetshenziswa ezinsimbini ezingagqwali kanye nezinsimbi zokuhlanganisa zisebenza njengeziqinisi ze-austenite kanti ezinye zisebenza njengeziqinisi ze-ferrite. Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlanganisa i-austenite yi-nickel, i-carbon, i-manganese kanye ne-nitrogen. Izinto eziqinisa i-ferrite yi-chromium, i-silicon, i-molybdenum kanye ne-niobium. Ukulinganisa izinto zokuhlanganisa kulawula inani le-ferrite ensimbini yokuhlanganisa.
Amagreyidi e-Austenitic ashiselwe kalula futhi ngendlela eyanelisayo kunalawo aqukethe i-nickel engaphansi kuka-5%. Amajoyinti e-Weld akhiqizwa ezinsimbini ezingagqwali ze-austenitic aqinile, athambile futhi aqinile esimweni sawo esishiselwe. Ngokuvamile awadingi ukwelashwa kokushisa kwangaphambi kokushisa noma ngemva kokushiswa. Amagreyidi e-Austenitic aqukethe cishe u-80% wensimbi engagqwali eshiselwe, futhi lesi sihloko sesingeniso sigxile kakhulu kuwo.
Ithebula 1: Izinhlobo zensimbi engagqwali kanye nokuqukethwe kwazo kwe-chromium kanye ne-nickel.
i-tstart{c,80%}
thead{Uhlobo|% I-Chromium|% I-Nickel|Izinhlobo}
i-tdata{Austenitic|16 - 30%|8 - 40%|200, 300}
i-tdata{Martensitic|11 - 18%|0 - 5%|403, 410, 416, 420}
i-tdata{Ferritic|11 - 30%|0 - 4%|405, 409, 430, 422, 446}
i-tdata{Duplex|18 - 28%|4 - 8%|2205}
thambekela{}
Indlela yokukhetha insimbi engagqwali efanele
Uma izinto eziyisisekelo kuzo zombili izingcwecwe zifana, isimiso sokuqala esiqondisayo sasivame ukuba, 'Qala ngokufanisa izinto eziyisisekelo.' Lokho kusebenza kahle kwezinye izimo; ukuze ujoyine Uhlobo 310 noma 316, khetha Uhlobo lokugcwalisa oluhambisanayo.
Ukuze uhlanganise izinto ezahlukene, landela lesi simiso esiqondisayo: 'khetha isigcwalisi esifanelana nezinto ezixutshwe kakhulu.' Ukuze uhlanganise u-304 no-316, khetha isigcwalisi esingu-316.
Ngeshwa, 'umthetho wokufanisa' unezimo eziningi ezihlukile kangangokuthi isimiso esingcono yilesi, Bheka ithebula lokukhetha insimbi yokugcwalisa. Isibonelo, i-Type 304 iyinto eyisisekelo yensimbi engagqwali evame kakhulu, kodwa akekho onikeza i-electrode yohlobo 304.
Indlela yokushisela i-Type 304 engagqwali ngaphandle kwe-electrode yohlobo 304
Ukuze ushisele insimbi engagqwali yohlobo lwe-304, sebenzisa i-Type 308 filler, njengoba izakhi ezengeziwe zokuhlanganisa kuhlobo lwe-308 zizozinzisa kangcono indawo yokushisela.
Kodwa-ke, i-308L nayo iyisigcwalisi esamukelekayo. Ukuqokwa kuka-'L' ngemuva kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo kubonisa okuqukethwe okuphansi kwekhabhoni. I-stainless yohlobo lwe-3XXL inokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungu-0.03% noma ngaphansi, kanti i-stainless yohlobo lwe-3XX ejwayelekile ingaba nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwekhabhoni okungu-0.08%.
Ngenxa yokuthi isitsha sokugcwalisa sohlobo L siwela ngaphansi kwesigaba esifanayo nomkhiqizo ongewona owe-L, abenzi bangakwazi, futhi kufanele bacabangele kakhulu, ukusebenzisa isitsha sokugcwalisa sohlobo L ngoba okuqukethwe okuphansi kwekhabhoni kunciphisa ingozi yezinkinga zokugqwala phakathi kwe-granular. Eqinisweni, abalobi bathi isitsha sokugcwalisa sohlobo L sizosetshenziswa kabanzi ukube abenzi bamane bavuselele izinqubo zabo.
Abenzi bezinto abasebenzisa inqubo ye-GMAW bangase bafune ukucabangela ukusebenzisa i-Type 3XXSi filler, njengoba ukwengeza i-silicon kuthuthukisa ukuphuma kwamanzi. Ezimweni lapho i-weld inomqhele ophakeme noma oqinile, noma lapho ichibi le-weld lingahlangani kahle ezinzwaneni ze-fillet noma i-lap joint, ukusebenzisa i-electrode ye-Si Type GMAW kungenza kube bushelelezi i-weld bead futhi kukhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa okungcono.
Uma ukuna kwe-carbide kuyindaba ekhathazayo, cabanga nge-Type 347 filler, equkethe inani elincane le-niobium.
Indlela yokushisela insimbi engagqwali ibe yi-carbon steel
Lesi simo senzeka ezisetshenziswayo lapho ingxenye eyodwa yesakhiwo idinga ubuso bangaphandle obungagqwali obuhlanganiswe nesakhi sensimbi yekhabhoni ukuze kwehliswe izindleko. Uma uhlanganisa izinto eziyisisekelo ezingenazo izinto ezixubayo nezinto ezixubayo, sebenzisa isitsha sokugcwalisa esixubekile ukuze ukuxubeka ngaphakathi kwensimbi exubekile kulingane noma kuxubeke kakhulu kunensimbi engagqwali.
Ukuze uhlanganise insimbi yekhabhoni nohlobo 304 noma 316, kanye nokuhlanganisa izinsimbi ezingagqwali ezingafani, cabanga nge-electrode yohlobo 309L yezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi. Uma kudingeka okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Cr, cabanga ngohlobo 312.
Njengesixwayiso, izinsimbi ezingagqwali ze-austenitic zibonisa izinga lokukhula elingaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-50 kunelensimbi yekhabhoni. Uma zihlanganisiwe, amazinga ahlukene okukhula angabangela ukuqhekeka ngenxa yokucindezeleka kwangaphakathi ngaphandle kokuthi kusetshenziswa i-electrode efanele kanye nenqubo yokushisela.
Sebenzisa izinqubo zokuhlanza ezifanele zokulungiselela ukushisela
Njengakwezinye izinsimbi, qala ususe uwoyela, amafutha, izimpawu kanye nokungcola ngesinyibilikisi esingenayo i-chlorine. Ngemva kwalokho, umthetho oyinhloko wokulungiselela ukushiswa kwensimbi engagqwali uthi 'Gwema ukungcola okuvela ensimbini yekhabhoni ukuze uvimbele ukugqwala.' Ezinye izinkampani zisebenzisa izakhiwo ezihlukene 'njengesitolo sazo esingagqwali' kanye 'nesitolo sekhabhoni' ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcola okuphambene.
Khetha amasondo okugaya namabhulashi angenasici 'njengezinto ezingenasici kuphela' lapho ulungiselela imiphetho yokushisela. Ezinye izinqubo zidinga ukuhlanza amasentimitha amabili emuva kusuka ejoyintini. Ukulungiselela amalunga nakho kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba ukukhokhela ukungahambisani nokuphathwa kwe-electrode kunzima kunensimbi yekhabhoni.
Sebenzisa inqubo efanele yokuhlanza ngemva kokushiswa ukuze uvimbele ukugqwala
Okokuqala, khumbula ukuthi yini eyenza insimbi engagqwali ibe yinsimbi engagqwali: ukusabela kwe-chromium ne-oxygen ukwakha ungqimba oluvikelayo lwe-chromium oxide ebusweni bezinto. Insimbi iyagqwala ngenxa yemvula ye-carbide (bheka ngezansi) futhi ngoba inqubo yokushisela ishisa insimbi yokushisela kuze kube yilapho i-ferritic oxide ingakheka khona ebusweni bensimbi yokushisela. Uma ishiywe isesimweni sokushisela, insimbi yokushisela ezwakala kahle ingabonisa 'izindlela zenqola zokugqwala' emingceleni yendawo ethintekile ekushiseni esikhathini esingaphansi kwamahora angama-24.
Ukuze ungqimba olusha lwe-chromium oxide emsulwa lukwazi ukuguquka kahle, insimbi engagqwali idinga ukuhlanzwa ngemva kokushintshwa ngokupholisha, ukukha, ukugaya noma ukuxubha. Futhi, sebenzisa ama-grinder namabhulashi anikezelwe kulo msebenzi.
Kungani ucingo lokushisela insimbi engagqwali lunozibuthe?
Insimbi engagqwali e-austenitic ngokuphelele ayisebenzi ku-magnetic. Kodwa-ke, amazinga okushisa okushisela adala okusanhlamvu okukhulu kakhulu esakhiweni esincane, okuholela ekutheni i-weld ibe nomuzwa wokuqhekeka. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukuzwela ekuqhekekeni okushisayo, abakhiqizi be-electrode banezela izinto zokuhlanganisa, kufaka phakathi i-ferrite. Isigaba se-ferrite sibangela ukuthi okusanhlamvu kwe-austenitic kube kuncane kakhulu, ngakho-ke i-weld iba namandla okumelana nokuqhekeka.
Imagnethi ngeke inamathele ku-spool ye-austenitic stainless filler, kodwa umuntu ophethe imagnethi angase azizwe edonswa kancane ngenxa ye-ferrite egciniwe. Ngeshwa, lokhu kubangela abanye abasebenzisi ukuthi bacabange ukuthi umkhiqizo wabo ubhalwe kabi noma basebenzisa insimbi yokugcwalisa engalungile (ikakhulukazi uma bedabule ilebula kubhasikidi wocingo).
Inani elifanele le-ferrite ku-electrode lincike ekushiseni kwesevisi yesicelo. Isibonelo, i-ferrite eningi kakhulu ibangela ukuthi i-weld ilahlekelwe ukuqina kwayo emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngakho-ke, i-Type 308 filler yesicelo sepayipi le-LNG inenombolo ye-ferrite ephakathi kuka-3 no-6, uma kuqhathaniswa nenombolo ye-ferrite engu-8 ye-standard Type 308 filler. Ngamafuphi, izinsimbi ze-filler zingase zibonakale zifana ekuqaleni, kodwa umehluko omncane ekubunjweni ubalulekile.
Ingabe ikhona indlela elula yokushisela izinsimbi ezingagqwali ezimbili?
Ngokuvamile, izinsimbi ezingenalutho ezimbili zinesakhiwo esincane esakhiwe cishe yi-ferrite engu-50% kanye ne-austenite engu-50%. Kalula nje, i-ferrite inikeza amandla aphezulu kanye nokumelana nokuqhekeka kokugqwala okucindezelekile kuyilapho i-austenite inikeza ukuqina okuhle. Izigaba ezimbili ezihlanganisiwe zinikeza izinsimbi ezimbili izakhiwo zazo ezikhangayo. Uhlu olubanzi lwezinsimbi ezingenalutho ezimbili luyatholakala, kanti ezivame kakhulu yi-Type 2205; lokhu kuqukethe i-chromium engu-22%, i-nickel engu-5%, i-molybdenum engu-3% kanye ne-nitrogen engu-0.15%.
Lapho kushintshwa insimbi engagqwali ye-duplex, izinkinga zingavela uma insimbi yokushintshwa ine-ferrite eningi kakhulu (ukushisa okuvela ku-arc kubangela ukuthi ama-athomu azihlelele ku-ferrite matrix). Ukuze kulungiswe, izinsimbi zokugcwalisa kudingeka zikhuthaze isakhiwo se-austenitic esinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-alloy, ngokuvamile i-nickel engaphezu kuka-2 kuya ku-4% kunensimbi eyisisekelo. Isibonelo, ucingo olune-flux-core lokushintshwa Uhlobo 2205 lungaba ne-nickel engu-8.85%.
Okuqukethwe kwe-ferrite okufiselekayo kungasukela ku-25 kuya ku-55% ngemva kokushisela (kodwa kungaba phezulu). Qaphela ukuthi izinga lokupholisa kumele lihambe kancane ngokwanele ukuvumela i-austenite ukuthi iguquke, kodwa kungabi kancane kakhulu kangangokuthi kudalwe izigaba ze-intermetallic, noma kusheshe kakhulu kangangokuthi kudalwe i-ferrite eningi endaweni ethintekile ekushiseni. Landela izinqubo ezinconyiwe zomenzi zenqubo yokushisela kanye nensimbi yokugcwalisa ekhethiwe.
Ukulungiswa kwamapharamitha lapho kushiselwa insimbi engagqwali
Kwabenzi bokwenza izinto abalungisa njalo amapharamitha (i-voltage, i-amperage, ubude be-arc, i-inductance, ububanzi be-pulse, njll.) lapho befaka insimbi engagqwali, imbangela evamile ukwakheka kwensimbi yokugcwalisa okungaguquki. Njengoba kubhekwa ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa izakhi, ukushintshashintsha kwe-lot-to-lot ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali kungaba nomthelela obonakalayo ekusebenzeni kwe-weld, njengokumanzi okuncane noma ukukhululwa kwe-slag okunzima. Ukushintshashintsha kobubanzi be-electrode, ukuhlanzeka kwendawo, i-cast kanye ne-helix nakho kuthinta ukusebenza kwezicelo ze-GMAW kanye ne-FCAW.
Ukulawula imvula ye-carbide yokulawula ngensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic
Emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-426-871degC, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungaphezu kuka-0.02% kuthuthela emingceleni yokusanhlamvu kwesakhiwo se-austenitic, lapho kusabela khona ne-chromium ukuze kwakheke i-chromium carbide. Uma i-chromium iboshwe nekhabhoni, ayitholakali ukumelana nokugqwala. Uma ivezwa endaweni egqwalayo, kuvela ukugqwala okuphakathi kwe-granular, okuvumela ukuthi imingcele yokusanhlamvu idliwe.
Ukuze ulawule ukuna kwe-carbide, gcina okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuphansi ngangokunokwenzeka (ubuningi obungu-0.04%) ngokushisela ngama-electrode anekhabhoni ephansi. Ikhabhoni ingahlanganiswa futhi yi-niobium (eyayikade iyi-columbium) kanye ne-titanium, ezihambisana kakhulu nekhabhoni kune-chromium. Ama-electrode ohlobo lwe-347 enzelwe le njongo.
Indlela yokulungiselela ingxoxo mayelana nokukhethwa kwensimbi yokugcwalisa
Okungenani, qoqa ulwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kokugcina kwengxenye ehlanganisiwe, okuhlanganisa nendawo yokusebenza (ikakhulukazi amazinga okushisa okusebenza, ukuchayeka ezintweni ezigqwalisayo kanye nezinga lokumelana nokugqwala okulindelekile) kanye nesikhathi senkonzo oyifunayo. Ulwazi mayelana nezakhiwo ezidingekayo zemishini ezimweni zokusebenza lusiza kakhulu, okuhlanganisa amandla, ukuqina, ukuguquguquka kanye nokukhathala.
Iningi labakhiqizi be-electrode abahamba phambili banikeza iziqondiso zokukhetha insimbi yokugcwalisa, futhi ababhali abakwazi ukugcizelela kakhulu leli phuzu: bheka umhlahlandlela wokusetshenziswa kwensimbi yokugcwalisa noma uxhumane nochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bomkhiqizi. Bakhona ukusiza ekukhetheni i-electrode yensimbi engagqwali efanele.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezinsimbi zokugcwalisa insimbi engagqwali ze-TYUE kanye nokuxhumana nochwepheshe benkampani ukuze uthole iseluleko, iya ku-www.tyuelec.com.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 23-2022